Rather than strictly adhering to the categorical perspective outlined in the American Psychiatric Association’s current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR, 2000), we group anxiety symptoms in accordance with a variety of empirically supported models of anxiety symptoms.
#WHAT DOES THE MMPI 2 MEASURE HOW TO#
In the following sections, we provide conceptual and empirically informed guidelines for how to use the MMPI-2, and in particular, the scales just described, in the assessment of anxiety symptoms. A final set of nonoverlapping RC scales were developed from these core components. Demoralization items were then factor analyzed with item from respective clinical scales to derive distinct core components for each of them. Therefore, as a first step in RC scale construction, demoralization markers were identified based on factor analyses of Clinical Scales 2 and 7. Tellegen’s model links depression to low positive emotionality and anxiety to high negative emotionality. ( 2003) suggested demoralization could be isolated and accounted for if conceptualized through Tellegen’s ( 1985) framework of positive and negative emotionality, where demoralization corresponds to the pleasantness–unpleasantness vector between these two orthogonal affective dimensions. ( 2003) who recognized the methods of scale creation used for the MMPI clinical scales resulted in substantial saturation of those scales with general maladjustment and distress common to most psychiatric disorders. These scales were developed by Tellegen et al. Although RC7 is the scale that is considered most useful in the general assessment of anxiety symptoms, because they measure broad affective dimensions relevant to unipolar mood and anxiety disorders, RCd (Demoralization) and RC2 (Low Positive Emotions) should also be considered in the assessment of some forms of anxiety symptomatology. One of these scales is RC7 (Dysfunctional Negative Emotions), which focuses on core negative emotionality markers, such as anxiety, fear, guilt, and anger. There are several RC scales germane to assessing anxiety symptoms.
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